Community Health Partnerships Essay

Network: Social gatherings of any size whose individuals dwell in a particular territory, share government, and frequently have a typical social and chronicled legacy. A social, strict, word related, or other gathering sharing basic attributes or intrigue and saw or seeing itself as particular in some regard from the bigger society inside which it exist ( Stanhope and Lancaster, 2012). Network Health: Refers to the wellbeing status of a characterized gathering of individuals, or network, and the activities and conditions that secure and improve the soundness of the network. Those people who make up a network live in a to some degree limited territory under a similar general guidelines, standards, qualities, and associations. For instance, the wellbeing status of the individuals living in a specific town, and the activities taken to ensure and improve the soundness of these inhabitants would comprise network wellbeing (Green and Ottoson, 1999). ). Network Health is the gathering of aggregate needs by recognizing issues and overseeing practices inside the network itself and between the network and the bigger society (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2012). Network as Client: The idea of network as customer depends on the presumption that network nursing practice is â€Å"community oriented,† looking for â€Å"healthful change for the entire network. The people group is a customer just when the nursing center is around the group of basic great of the populace rather than on singular wellbeing (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2012). Network Health Partnerships: characterizes as deliberate joint efforts of differing network associations, which have united so as to seek after a mutual enthusiasm for improving network wellbeing. Network Health Partnerships vary from customary network associations in their blend of open and private individuals and they separate from grass roots associations with their incorporation of different constituents and partners. (McKenzie and Smeltzer, 1997) Lay people group individuals have a personal stake in the accomplishment of endeavors to improve the strength of their locale. Lay people group individuals who are perceived as network pioneers additionally have validity and abilities that wellbeing experts need. Accordingly, fruitful techniques for improvingâ community wellbeing must incorporate network associations as the fundamental methods, or key, for development (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2012). Generally impression of taking an interest family’s network and condition is an internal suburb of New York City named Hackensack, New Jersey, a city in Bergan County, New Jersey. Found 12 miles north west of Midtown Manhattan and around seven miles from the George Washington Bridge, from various areas, you can see the New York City horizon. The Metropolitan grounds of Fairleigh Dickinson University fringes the Hackensack River. The city is known for an extraordinary assorted variety of neighborhoods and land utilizes existing in extremely nearness of one another. Inside its fringes are a gigantic clinical focus, an in vogue skyscraper region about a mile long, great rural neighborhoods of single family homes, impressive more established homes on section of land in addition to parcels, more established two â€family neighborhoods, huge nursery condos buildings, modern zones, the Bergan Count Jail, a flowing waterway, and Hackensack River County Park. Social Diversity and Vul nerable Populations present in the Community: The racial make-up of the city was White, African American, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islanders, Hispanic or Latino. My taking an interest family comprises of an African American lady C.R. 68 years youthful whose family ancestry is African American and Dutch, shares a stunning rural two-family home with her little girl K. R. who is 48 years youthful and her life accomplice S. M. who is thirty nine years youthful and a local of the British Virgin Islands. It is my comprehension from the family that equivalent sex families are definitely part of the network just as interracial couples. The house is pleasantly improved, very much kept and the grounds are all around manicured. The way that the more youthful women are an equivalent sex couple makes them part of a defenseless populace. I asked â€Å"if there were any bias or weight they feel from the area with respect to their lifestyle†? The two of them reacted there is no weight or bias put upon them. I should make reference to the time I have started to go through with them, talking and watching their practices with each other, I need to say,† there is more love among them than some hetero couples have in their little finger for each other† and they are not humiliated by their way of life nor do they shroud what their identity is. They are both excellent individuals all around. Parts of the Community that could influence residents’ wellbeing: Theâ factor in the network that could influence wellbeing is the way that there are numerous modern zones encompassing the networks. The synthetic su bstances, exhaust, and gases that are placed into the demeanor of the network and breathed in by all conceivably could be of risk to the network. The County Jail and the capability of got away from crooks represent a danger to the network; Flooding is a potential danger during typhoons and tempests. Conceptive and Sexual Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health is applicable to the network in that the objective is to keep up and improve wellbeing and prosperity. LGBT people envelop all races and ethnicities, religions, and social classes. Taking out wellbeing differences and upgrading endeavors to improve wellbeing are important to guarantee that LGBT people can lead long solid lives (sound 2020), REFERENCES: Green, L.W., Ottoson, J. M. (1999). Network and Population Health, (eighth ed.) Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill McKenzie, J. F., Smeltzer, J.L. (1997). Arranging, Implementing and Evaluating Health Promotion Programs: A Primer; (second ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Stanhope, M., Lancaster, J. (2008) (eighth ed,). Populace Centered Health Care in the Community. St. Louis, MO. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/points

The Process For Firing a Government Employee

The Process For Firing a Government Employee The administrative government’s disciplinary faculty process have become so lumbering that just around 4,000 representatives per year 0.2 % of the absolute workforce of 2.1 million are terminated, as per the Government Accountability Office (GAO). In 2013, the government organizations excused around 3,500 representatives for execution or a mix of execution and direct. In its report to the Senate Homeland Security Committee, the GAO expressed, â€Å"The time and asset duty expected to expel a poor performing perpetual worker can be substantial.† Actually, found the GAO, terminating a government representative regularly takes from a half year to longer than a year. â€Å"According to chose specialists and GAO’s writing audit, worries over inner help, absence of execution the executives preparing, and lawful issues can likewise diminish a supervisor’s ability to address poor performance,† composed the GAO. Keep in mind, it really took a demonstration of Congress to give the Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs the ability to out and out fire senior VA administrators who neglected to satisfy execution guidelines. As the GAO noticed, the in 2014 yearly overview of every single government representative, just 28% said the offices they worked for had any conventional strategy for managing incessantly ineffectively performing laborers. The Probationary Period Problem In the wake of being recruited, most government representatives serve a one-year trial period, during which the come up short on similar rights to advance disciplinary activities †like terminating †as workers who have finished probation. It is during that trial period, prompted the GAO when the offices should attempt their hardest to recognize and cut out the â€Å"bad word† workers before they gain the full option to bid. As per the GAO, about 70% of the 3,489 government representatives terminated in 2013 were terminated during their trial period. While the specific number isn't known, a few representatives confronting disciplinary activities during their trial period decide to leave instead of have a terminating on their record, noticed the GAO. Nonetheless, announced the GAO, work unit directors â€Å"often don't utilize this opportunity to settle on execution related choices about an employee’s execution since they may not realize that the trial period is closure or they have not had the opportunity to watch execution in all basic areas.† Accordingly, numerous new workers fly â€Å"under the radar† during their trial periods. ‘Unacceptable,’ Says Senator The GAO was approached to examine the administration terminating process by Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wisconsin), director of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. In an announcement on the report, Sen. Johnson thought that it was â€Å"unacceptable that a few offices let the primary year sneak past without leading execution surveys, never mindful that the trial period had terminated. The trial time frame is probably the best device the central government needs to get rid of poor-performing workers. Organizations must accomplish more to assess the worker during that timespan and choose whether she or he can do the job.† Among other remedial activities, the GAO suggested the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) the government’s HR division broaden the obligatory trial time frame past 1-year and incorporate at any rate one full representative assessment cycle. In any case, the OPM said broadening the trial time frame would most likely require, you got it, â€Å"legislative action† with respect to Congress.

Your Credit Score vs. Your Card Limits

Your Credit Score vs. Your Card Limits Your Credit Score vs. Your Card Limits Your Credit Score vs. Your Card LimitsHow does one impact the other?The relationship between credit cards and credit scores can often be fraught. Proper credit card use will help build your score, and advanced credit card use can allow you to benefit from rewards programs in ways that can save you a lot of money. Poor credit card use, however, can drag your credit score down and leave you in a spiral of debt.“People who have lower credit limits can easily fall into a trap of overusing their credit card,” warned Igor Mitic, editor-in-chief of Fortunly.com. “And when that happens, credit reports will show it and it will decrease their credit score.”But that’s not all. Not only will your credit card use affect your credit score, but your credit score is the most significant factor when it comes to determining what credit cards you can access, if any.Read on to get the rundown on starting your path toward credit card mastery.The importance of having a credit cardA common miscon ception around credit scores is that every individual starts out with good credit, and only through bad financial decisions can you harm the pristine credit score you inherited at birth. However, we arrive on Earth with no credit score at all. Only by demonstrating proper use of credit can you build a credit history, which is the most impactful ingredient in cooking up your credit score.Proper credit card use is one of the most reliable ways to build a credit card history or improve a poor or fair credit card score. By keeping the balance on the card to around one-third of your spending limit and paying the bill in full every month, you won’t have to pay interest costs and your credit score will grow and grow.Unfortunately, this creates somewhat of a “chicken and egg” dilemma.Your credit score’s impact on credit card accessWithout a good credit score, you will have difficulty qualifying for a credit card with a good rate and spending limit, as Dave Sullivan, vice-president o f marketing for the People Driven Credit Union, explained: “Most banks have something called risk-based pricing. Risked-based pricing is used to match the risk of the credit card holder to the appropriate interest rate. The lower the score, the higher the rate.”If your credit score is low enough, you may not be able to qualify for a traditional credit card at any rate. Fortunately there are reasonable nontraditional options.Secured credit cards are one common solution. The “security” comes through a cash collateral that you must provide to the bank during your use of the card. If you don’t pay your bills, the bank can seize the money.While having the cash on hand to apply for a secured credit card may require some saving, if you do have the cash, you shouldn’t have a problem. “All borrowers should be able to get a secured account regardless of their credit profile,” Sullivan assured.Mitic offered a couple other options you could consider (with caution):Store credit c ards: “Some retail stores are approving applicants with bad credit,” Mitic said. “However, people should be aware that those credit cards can be used only at that store and they usually have high interest rates.”Companies that look at the big picture: For those who have a low credit score or don’t have one at all, there are companies that have their own process for evaluation credit card applications. For instance, Mitic said, they might look at employment and bank account balances and also may not ask for a security deposit.You should also do your own research to find out what available credit card options might work best for your specific situation. Regardless of what option you choose, it is vital to always remember to pay down your entire bill every month.Advanced credit card techniquesOnce you manage to build up your credit score, you can start exploring advanced credit card use. You will still want to maintain the same general practices that got you to your good cred it score, but you can begin researching cards that will reward you rather than penalize you for using them.Different cards offer different kinds of rewards for different kinds of spending. Be aware that some of these cards will require you to pay an annual fee, but by strategically managing your credit cards, you can maximize your savings and benefits. Consider creating a spreadsheet or using some other method of tracking your card use so you don’t make any mistakes and risk letting your score fall again.Proper credit card use is a skill that will require practice to build the best habits. The sooner you can get started, the sooner you will be on your way to mastering your cards.ContributorsIgor Mitic is an experienced writer and content creator in the financial niche. He has extensive experience working with banks, insurance companies, and other institutions that create financial products and services. He is passionately sharing his knowledge as the editor-in-chief at  Fortunly.c om, a website dedicated to the simple explanation of financial matters to ordinary people.Dave Sullivan  is the VP of Marketing for People Driven Credit Union. He started in the mortgage industry as a loan officer in 1991. Less than one year later started selling credit reports to mortgage companies, banks, and credit unions. On September 19, 1997, he started AIR Credit Midwest out of his car. During the next two years, Air Credit Midwest grew to a multimillion dollar company. In 2000, he sold Air Credit Midwest to one of the largest credit reporting bureaus. In 2011, Sullivan started a  YouTube channel  providing free advice on improving your credit. He is the author of the book  Transform Your Credit. Follow him  @peopledrivencu.

SR 11-7 SUPERVISORY GUIDANCE ON MODEL RISK MANAGEMENT

SR Letter 11-7 Attachment Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Office of the Comptroller of the Currency April 4, 2011 SUPERVISORY GUIDANCE ON MODEL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTENTS I. Introduction, page II. Purpose and Scope, page III. Overview of Model Risk Management, page IV. Model Development, Implementation, and Use, page V. Model Validation, page VI. Governance, Policies, and Controls, page VII. Conclusion, page 1 2 3 5 9 16 21 I. INTRODUCTION Banks rely heavily on quantitative analysis and models in most aspects of financial decision making.[Fo tn1oe They routinely use models for a broad range of activities, including underwriting credits; valuing exposures, instruments, and positions; measuring risk; managing and†¦show more content†¦For example, steps taken to apply this guidance at a community bank using relatively few models of only moderate complexity might be significantly less involved than those at a larger bank where use of models is more extensive or complex.[PageBreak] - For instance, the OCC provided guidance on model risk, focusing on model validation, in OCC 2000-16 (May 30, 2000), other bulletins, and certain subject matter booklets of the Comptrollers Handbook. The Federal Reserve issued SR Letter 09-01, Application of the Market Risk Rule in Bank Holding Companies and State Member Banks, which highlights various concepts pertinent to model risk management, including standards for validation and review, model validation documentation, and back-testing. The Federal Reserves Trading and Capital-Markets Activities Manual also discusses validation and model risk management. In addition, the advanced-approaches risk-based capital rules (12 CFR 3, Appendix C; 12 CFR 208, Appendix F; and 12 CFR 225, Appendix G) contain explicit validation requirements for subject banking organizations.EndofFootnote2.] Page 2 III. OVERVIEW OF MODEL RISK MANAGEMENT For the purposes of this document, the term model refers to a quantitative method, system, or approach that applies statistical, economic, financial, or mathematical theories, techniques, and assumptions to process input data into quantitative

The Body Shop Study Case - 2587 Words

Executive Summary The Body Shop International PLC has been facing a myriad of issues in the late 1990s. At its creation, the body shop has seen tremendous growth and success. The company thrived to bring a new revolutionary business model and was extremely successful. But after those successful years in the early 1990s, the competition became fierce as new entrants came and absorbed parts of the market. This led to declining sales and profits for the company as they were not able to differentiate themselves from the new competition. The founder of The Body Shop PLC, Anita Roddick, who was the previous Chief Executive Officer, decided to step down and handed over the position to Patrick Gournay. The new CEO implemented a new strategy and†¦show more content†¦As a result, the company failed to maintain their niche brand image and the quality of products was perceived as mediocre. Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop International PLC, believes in social change and action, and skin care. Financial results were of the least concern to her. After persistent failures of trying to revitalize the company, she stepped down as Chief Executive Officer in 1998 and Patrick Gournay came on board instead. Even as management changed, problems continued in fiscal year 2001 because the revenue increased by 13% but pretax profit declined by 21%. Yet, Gournay was confident that a newly implemented strategy would produce improved results. The new strategy consisted of three principal objectives: â€Å"To enhance The Body Shop brand through focused product strategy and increased investment in stores; to achieve operational efficiencies in our supply chain by reducing product and inventory costs; and to reinforce stakeholder culture.† According to the newly implemented strategy, we will estimate The Body Shop’s future earnings and financial needs to come up with short term and long term plans for The Body Shop. Since Anita is a strong-willed decision-maker without patience for finance, we will make both technically and practically correct projections by doing sensitivity analysis. 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Background and Rationale for the Research Free Essays

Violence is an intrinsic phenomenon in human society and its occurrence or recurrence indicates the ever dynamic character of society. Violence ensues because man ‘s interests and inclinations are varied and often antagonistic. The propensity of man to pursue his selfish interests which usually give room for the outbreaks of violence necessitated the evolution of the state as an impartial referee to check human excesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Background and Rationale for the Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Africa, conflicts leading to violence have become a major source of concern due to their recurrent nature and consequence on the continent ‘s development efforts The problem of insurgency in Africa dates back to 1904 when Moroccan insurgents kidnapped American nationals at Tangier, Morocco (Nwolise, 2005). The Nigerian experience of insurgency started pre-independence and increased significantly after independence (Olaniyan and Asuelime, 2014). However, in recent years, the insurgency in Northern Nigeria by Boko Haram continues to attract worldwide attention and it is impacting on the corporate existence of the country, especially on agricultural, which is the main economic activity in Northern Nigeria (Osumah, 2013) The insurgency has created the big humanitarian crisis, with the recorded number of internally displaced persons totalling 2.3 million people in 2017 (United Nations Refugee Agency, 2017). The literature on counter-insurgency propose diverse frameworks for understanding as well as tackling the issue, e.g. defeat through the enemy, population-centric methods- with the focused programme of support for the state. (Williams et al, 2016) An examination of literature in counter-insurgency in Nigeria shows that the response of the state has been multi-dimensional and multi-agency approach (through active colouration with both statutory, non-statutory and not for profit organisations) (Onapajo, 2017) Whilst, this is the case, the counter-insurgency approach and intervention have weighed more heavily on the military as opposed to non-military measures. Evidence shows that this approach has been counterproductive as violent activities and various crimes against humanity are still being committed by Boko Haram (Amnesty International, 2015). The author is of the opinion that the state approach requires more thorough examination, â€Å"even when there are multidimensional differences between Nigerian state and states likes India where military approach solely worked in defeating the insurgents and for this † This research has as its focus – a critical assessment of counterinsurgency measures and strategies in Nigeria, which have been two-fold: First, militarist methods like deployment of soldiers and creation of new military base in the northeast (Akinbi, 2015), and second, the political methods such as the establishment of Internally Displace Centres (IDC) across the country and active collaboration with international organisations and security agencies (Onuoha, 2012). It aims to explore why in spite of the interventions, insurgency activities are still going on in Nigeria. The research will scrutinize existing research on counterinsurgency in Nigeria and Africa, especially published works by policymakers and academics as well as security agencies. Statement of the Problem and Justification for the Research Evidence revealed that insurgency in the country is a reflection of weakness and lack of institutional frameworks and capacity. Also, it reflects a myriad of the economic, social, cultural and political quagmire the country is experiencing currently by Naeke (2016) cited in the African-Centred Solutions Building Peace and Security in Africa. As mentioned above, this research aims to examine the counterinsurgency approaches in Nigeria, with the principal purpose of developing or identifying a workable framework of analysis. It is hoped that this research will contribute to future research on counter-terrorism measures in Nigeria. The British counterinsurgency strategies applied in Malaya (1948-1960) that successfully transplanted in Kenya (1952-1960) will also be explored, as they appear to have worked in a multi-ethnic setting. This approach has been far-fetched in the Nigerian state counter-insurgency measures. The above points are also mentioned by Weitz (2006) who noted that use of military approach can only record a success in the counterinsurgency campaign if it utilizes best practices to look into the factors that led to the crisis, and provide needed facilities to discourage both citizens and followers of the insurgent group through providing educational awareness. Therefore, this work will explore counterinsurgency that will incorporate population-centric factors and interventions, in opposition to enemy-centric styles (see, e.g. Sitaraman, 2009). The work of Sitaraman will be used as a theoretical and policy framework because it is relevant to this research due to its focus on population-centric interventions. To date, there is the paucity of policy and scholarly research work on the effectiveness of the Nigerian counterinsurgency strategies. This claim gives credence and justification for doing this research, in view of two decades of failed policy interventions and the seriousness of the insurgency. It is hoped that the findings may be used by the government of Nigeria to revise its approach. This research is significant because it will scrutinize the security apparatus of government and their short-comings so far in handling the activities of the insurgents in the country. This current research is timely intervention because it will assist the policy-makers in the areas of formulation and implementation of public policy, especially counterinsurgency strategies. This current research will contribute more knowledge to the subject matter –counterinsurgency strategy, not only in Nigeria but other Sub- Saharan African States who are under the threats of insurgent groups. This research, therefore, becomes significant as it is geared towards identifying the best practice counterinsurgency strategy with a view to establish that the country adopted style is inappropriate and ineffective therefore necessitating the adaptation and adoption of best practices that are valuable to the fighting of modern insurgency like the Nigerian experience. The Aim of the Research The research aim is to explore the counterinsurgency interventions by the Nigerian government to address the Boko Haram Insurgency in the Northern Part of the Country Objectives of The Research The objectives of the research are: To understand the nature and extent of insurgency in Northern Part of Nigeria To explore whether social cultural and economic settings are imperative to the analysis of insurgency To scrutinise literature on counter-insurgency in order to identify the different theoretical perspectives and philosophical positions as well as unpack the different concepts that are relevant, e.g. identity, religious, ethnic affiliations. To explore the level of international co-operation and multi and bilateral agreements on counter-insurgency in Nigeria. Research Question The following research question has been identified: Are the counterinsurgency intervention measures and strategies introduced by the Nigerian government fit for purpose? The Scope and Limitations of the Research The research delimits the scope to cover Nigeria’s State Policies and Strategies on counterinsurgency operations from 2009 to 2017. This research scope covers the government interventions to the Boko Haram insurgency in particular from 2009 when the insurgent group commence violent attacks in the North-East before its activities came to capture global and national attention, to 2017. Emphasis will be placed on the response of the Nigerian state within this period. The major limitation of this research is the inability of the researcher to gain access to members of the Boko Haram sect for interviews. Some victims of the sect ‘s activities which were reached in Jos, Lagos, Kaduna and Abuja were not willing to talk, and this forms another setback to this research. Furthermore, members of the public particularly the target population for this research especially security agencies like the Department of State Security (SSS), the Police Force, Defence Headquarters etc. we’re not willing to divulge necessary information on grounds that the required information is classified and the Theater Commander of the Operation Lafiya Dole is far from the targeted population, the headquarters of the Operation Lafiya Dole is at Maiduguri, Borno State and is not part of the fieldwork area. The significance of the research This research shall be of significance to knowledge as it will enable the Nigerian authorities and members of the public to appreciate what really need to put in place for winning hearts and minds of the populations, rather than sincerely and consciously getting to the immediate root causes of Boko Haram Insurgency and addressing them there from proactively, the Nigerian state rather adopts a violent or reactive approach which has so far not been successful but has only worsened the situation and to avoid the causes of another Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria. It will also enhance an understanding of the stages of the crisis in order to build up counterinsurgency interventions to effectively arrest insurgent violence when they erupt if there is the failure in the application of early warning. Finally, it will serve as a contribution to existing literature on the counterinsurgency interventions which can assist other researchers in future studies. This research therefore becomes significant as it is geared towards identifying the best practice of counterinsurgency interventions to win the hearts and minds of the population and to curb the activities of the insurgents and the remote and immediate causes of the Boko Haram insurgency with a view to establishing the policy framework that the country intervention measures to managing the Boko Haram. Violence is inappropriate and ineffective therefore necessitating the adoption of more effective and amicable counterinsurgency interventions. Organization of Chapters This research is structured into a seven-chapter framework. Chapter one introduces the research and comprises of the statement of the problem, objectives, significance, and scope and limitations. Chapter two comprises of literature review and theoretical framework of the research. Chapter three presents a general overview of the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria. Chapter four presents the various steps taken to conduct the data collection and design. Chapter five explores the counterinsurgency interventions to counter Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria and asses the counterinsurgency interventions to counter insurgents in the developed and developing countries. Chapter six discuss the research findings and analysis of data obtained from the potential participants through semi-structured. Chapter seven discuss the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the research. The operational definition of terms Insurgency The research will adopt the definition of the United States Department of Defence to describe insurgency as a group that aimed at the overthrow of a legitimate and constituted authority of a state through the use of subversion and armed conflict (Sources) It can also be classified as a rebellion against a legitimate government when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents and utilisation of subversion and violence to seize, nullify or challenge the political system. Terrorism Terrorism will be perceived as an attack against the state through an avenue to create violence among the majority non-combatants masses and utilisation of fear to achieve political or ideological goals of the group or movement they represent. (Source) Counterinsurgency Counterinsurgency can be perceived as counterinsurgency campaigns integrate political, security, economic, and informational components that reinforce governmental legitimacy and effectiveness while reducing insurgent influence over the population. COIN strategies should be a comprehensive civilian, military efforts and civic actions taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes and winning hearts and minds of the local populace from insurgent violence; strengthen the legitimacy and capacity of government institutions to govern responsibly and marginalize insurgents politically, socially, and economically. (Source) How to cite Background and Rationale for the Research, Papers

Regional Economic Impacts Of Idaho State Essays -

Regional Economic Impacts Of Idaho State The Regional Economic Impacts of Idaho State University, 1996 Dr. Richard Bowen, President of Idaho State University, requested the Center for Business Research to conduct a study of the impact of the University on Idaho, with particular emphasis on its regional impacts upon the Pocatello area. This publication reports the findings and results of that effort, which was begun in the fall of 1997. This report is a follow-up to, and a complete revision of, a previous study conducted in 1988 (A Report to the President of Idaho State University: The Impact of University-related Expenditures on Idaho's Economy, 1986-87). For several reasons, the direct comparison of the findings of the two reports is not advised. Specifically, the present report utilizes multipliers refined and updated by the Regional Science Research Institute, while the previous report relied upon Input-Output estimates generated by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Input-output Measurement System (RIMS). Secondly, the focus and emphasis of the present report is on the Pocatello area economy, while the 1988 study emphasized state level impacts. Third, the present report attempts to discount those impacts generated by permanent area residents, attempts to estimate a return on investment for the State of Idaho, and makes other refinements or improvements to the 1988 approach. Paul R. Zelus, Ph.D., directed the study, and was ably assisted first by Nancy L. Kelly and then Walter Bulawa, Ph.D., Research Associates of the Center for Business Research at Idaho State University. Acknowledgement is also extended to the many campus officials who provided the often tedious and detailed information needed to conduct the study. The many faculty, staff, and students who responded to expenditure surveys are acknowledged for the critical information they provided. This project was aided immeasurably by the shared experiences of researchers from Boise State University, Northern Arizona University and the University of Virginia. In that order, I acknowledge the helpful comments and advice of Dr. Charles Skoro, Dr. Jerry Conover and Dr. John Knapp. Paul R. Zelus, Ph.D. Project Director Table of Contents Executive Summari Institutional Expenses Faculty and Staff Spending Student Expenditures Visitor Expenditures Impact Assessment Executive Summary This study provides estimates of the economic impact of Idaho State University on the regional economy of the Pocatello area. During the 1996 academic year Idaho State University employed 657 full and part time faculty and 1,156 full and part time staff employees, with wages and benefits totaling $47 million. It served 12,245 students enrolled in a variety of courses and programs of study. The University operated on an annual budget of $149 million, of which $72 million was provided by the State of Idaho in the form of appropriations. Nearly $45 million of its revenue represents federal scholarship and student assistance, while another $22 million is received through student tuition and fees. The remainder of revenue comes from private and miscellaneous sources. Direct local expenditures on the part of the university and its faculty/staff, students and out-of-area visitors exceeded $215 million. Institutional expenditures within the Pocatello economy exceeded $23 million for purchases of professional services ($5.4 million), communication and utility services ($1.9 million), materials, supplies and equipment ($5.3 million), land and buildings ($6.6 million), and miscellaneous purchases ($4.2 million), representing 59% of all institutional purchases. Faculty and staff households paid $11 million in taxes and purchased an estimated $21 million in goods and services based on wages totaling $36 million. The households of students residing in dormitories, in private residences within the Pocatello area, and in private residences outside of the Pocatello area made local purchases totaling $156 million Out of area visitors spent an estimated $7 million on local purchases of goods and services. The indirect and inducted effects of $215 million in local spending stimulates an additional $76 million in regional economic activity, for a total estimated economic impact of $291 million. Permanent residents account for approximately $101 million o f that total, with the remaining $191 million in area expenditures attributed to the university's presence. Considering the State of Idaho's annual budgeted investment of $72 million and its currently valued investment of $149 million in lands, buildings, and equipment, the aforementioned regional expenditures of $191 million represent a return on investment of approximately 87%. Based on lifetime earnings differentials, ISU graduates maintaining a permanent residence within Idaho are estimated to